Communism In The World Essays - Communism, Socialism,

Communism In The World Both communism and liberalism maintain with complete certainty that the destruction of the existing society will give birth to a new form of human existence at the least approaching utopia. They are what Daniel Chirot dubbed 'tyrannies of certitude'. A particular group of people has been responsible for blocking the happy development for centuries. In the case of communism it was capitalists, in the case of liberalism it is 'racists' - nearly all of whom are of course white. No! One must be harsh to build the new society and not make excuses. All white people are 'racists' and must pay the inevitable penalty. Few people know that the word 'racism' was invented by Leon Trotsky, one of the principal architects of the communist nightmare. The rightness of the cause dictates that a political architecture of lies rather than reasoned argument is permissible if necessary to bring about the result. Since no one will willingly give up their human identity, and that is what we are being asked to do, lies will, in fact, be indispensable. The communists aimed at eradicating 'bourgeois consciousness'. The liberals are systematically eradicating our history and identity from schools to ensure pliancy before the onslaught of anti-white bias in everything from newspapers to employment law. In this they are unlikely to succeed. The Russian and Yugoslav experience under communism has shown the persistency of racial and cultural identity. Doubters concerning the wisdom of the new arrangements are to be hunted down and destroyed - under communism they were dubbed capitalist spies and saboteurs, under liberalism it is 'racists' - a sound catch-all term of abuse for any white person opposing their own marginalisation. The 'racists' are well-organised and to blame for nearly everything which goes wrong according to authority, just like the 'counter-revolutionaries, western spies and saboteurs' in the heyday of communism. Under communism the newspapers would say 'capitalist spy ring raided'. Under liberalism we read 'police target racist groups'. In both cases good citizens are to congratulate themselves on the skill and wisdom of the authorities in protecting them from disruptions to the relentless march towards paradise on earth so evident on Soviet collective farms and now in Britain's inner-cities. If communism was not delivering the goods then even more stringent action was needed to eradicate the source of the trouble. Since it had been scientifically proven that communism would deliver, what possible other cause could there be for failure except disruption by malcontents? If people do not actually enjoy mass immigration and the so-called 'multiracial society', it must surely be the work of similar malcontents. Liberal theory is flawless. Like communism, it presents itself as scientifically-based - an abundancy of pseudo-sociological tosh underpins its thinking - and dictates a historically-inevitable outcome in which we all celebrate the fact that we have as little in common with the people we live with as possible. Supposed 'historical inevitability' as a weapon of political language has been filched from communism and creeps into every liberal initiative. It is used, for example, to forward the European federal superstate project. Both liberals and communists maintain that their systems can never be wrong. It is rather like the jesuitical argument that no innocent person has ever been hanged. Since all those hanged have been convicted by a court, they are by legal definition guilty! It is this feature - the refusal to admit to possible error in the theory - which makes liberalism as totalitarian in nature as communism and why it must be unmasked as the monster it really is. The rulers, too, can never be wrong since they are applying a system which can never err. They are relieved of all responsibility. Notice how no one in government within Britain today takes responsibility for anything! Blair has brought the tactic to a fine art. How is it that white people could been so hoodwinked as many are in our country? A system which targets us for destruction is met with passivity and acquiescence. We can learn a lot from the experience of communism. Most people assume that government is broadly competent. The latest theory must have some sense in it, people say, or it would not

Demand and Supply for Financial Assets Essays

Demand and Supply for Financial Assets Essays Demand and Supply for Financial Assets Essay Demand and Supply for Financial Assets Essay Demand and Supply for Financial Assets Mishkin ch. 5: Bonds Motivation: Monetary policy works primarily by manipulating interest rates. Interest rates are determined by the demand and supply for bonds. Demand and supply for other financial assets are determined similarly. Perspectives on the bond market: 1. Bonds as financial assets = Determinants of Asset Demand. Bond demand affected by relative risk, relative liquidity, and wealth. Asset pricing (Finance) issues. Instantaneous responses to news. 2. Saving and Borrowing = Real Factors. Bond market matches savers and borrowers, affected by their behavior. Macro issues: Real savings/investment. Takes time. 3. Liquidity Preference View bonds as alternative to holding money. Affected by monetary changes. Special issues: Flexible versus â€Å"sticky† prices. DEFER. Application: Money Interest Rates Mishkin provides survey. Needs more analysis – Start reading the lecture notes. [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 1] Perspective #1: Bonds as Financial Assets General Finance Question: What determines the demand for financial assets? . Expected return (+) 2. Risk (s: Stocks, mutual funds, real estate, gold, investments abroad. Similar for equity: Stock with expected value next year $100 More demand now at $80 than at $90 = Downward sloping demand curve. Suppose the expected value next year rises to $120: Demand at $96 (20% discount) is similar to previous demand at $80 = Shift right/up in the demand curve Special factor for long-term bonds: Rising interest rate before maturity would reduce the price = Reduce the return = Expected increases in interest rates reduce the demand for long-term bonds. Mishkin ch. 5 P. 3] Wealth as Demand Factor: Caution Basic point: More wealth = More demand for all financial assets. Contrast wealth with the demand factors that affect relative values: Demands for different financial assets are negatively related when relative returns, relative risks, and relative liquidit y levels shift. Demands for different financial assets are positive related when wealth changes. Wealth can change in two ways: 1. New savings. 2. Re-valuation. Re-valuation is a distraction (or even misleading): Not a source of new demand. Example: Hold 100 bonds @100 = $10,000 wealth. If price rises to $110 = Wealth $11,000. Will demand increase? Demand from existing wealth is still 100 bonds. New savings must come from real activity = Surplus of income over spending. New savings take time: NOT an instantaneous factor = Creates dynamics. Purchasing power of wealth is eroded by inflation = Real returns (after inflation) determine the incentives to save Lessons for applications: Source of wealth changes is savings. Savings raise all asset demands. Quantity axis in diagrams = Number of securities or their face value (not $ value). [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 4] The supply of bonds and other financial assets Simple: the supplier/issues of securities defines the market! Treasury bond market = supply by U. S. Treasury Market for Microsoft stock = supply by Microsoft Supply incentives in the primary market: 1. Need for funds: Private: Profitability of capital investments. Public: Level of government budget deficits. 2. Cos t of borrowing: Borrow more if the cost is low = upward-sloping supply curve. Inflation reduces the real value of debt = Real returns (after inflation) determine the incentives to issue securities Secondary market: Fixed supply except for buyback/new issues. = Steep or vertical supply curve. Mishkin’s demand supply diagrams: generic up/down slopes [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 5] Demand Supply = Equilibrium Price and Volume For bonds: Exact price-yield relationship (Example: F=1000) For all financial assets: High price tends to imply low future returns. [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 6] Applications: Predict the Effect of Changes Reasons why bond demand may shift Reasons why bond supply may shift Scenarios that involve shifts in demand and supply: Business cycles Inflation: The Fisher Effect In each case: Task: Determine the impact on prices and quantities. Ask additional questions: What’s the time horizon? What’s the likely impact on other markets, e. g. , the stock market? Alternative view: Loanable Funds analysis (see Online Appendix5#1) Supply of securities = Demand for financing Demand for securities = Supply of funds to financial markets. Helpful way to think about markets, but not required for exams. [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 7] Summary: Factors that shift the Demand for Bonds [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 8] Summary: Factors that shift the Supply for Bonds [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 9] Notes on Mishkin’s Examples (1) About higher expected interest rates: Higher yield expected = Lower expected return = Decline in demand = Reduced price = Yield rises immediately. Lesson: Rational investors act on expectations. Markets move when information arrives that changes investor expectations. About the slopes of demand and supply curves: Demand: Depends on how easily investors can go elsewhere when prices rise: For a specific bond relative to others: Essentially horizontal/very flat. For bonds as an asset class: Elastic/flat. Investors can substitute to stocks etc. For bonds as reflecting the supply of savings: Quite inelastic/steep. Consumptionsavings decisions are not highly sensitive to interest rates. Supply: usually inelastic/steep. New issues are small relative to outstanding quanties of identical or similar securities. Relevance of slopes: Steeper vs. flatter Larger vs. smaller price changes. [Exam: Generic slopes okay. But remember for reals (2) About the time horizon and level of aggregation: Instructive to separate two sets of issues: 1. Allocation of existing financial assets: Instantaneous: Supply is well-approximated by a vertical line. Pricing is relative to other financial assets. Economic arguments involve relative return, risk, liquidity (nothing else). In equilibrium, all financial assets must attract investors = Must offer the same risk- and liquidity-adjusted return. 2. Flows of savings and capital investment: Takes time: New demand and supply more important relative to existing financial assets the more time passes. Savings are unspecific: Savers will invest in any savings vehicles that pays the equilibrium return: Markets clear at the aggregate level. Equilibrium return must match aggregate flow of funds into financial markets with total demand for funds from issuers of securities. [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 11] Scenario: Business Cycle Expansion Shifts in Demand and Supply: Higher incomes. Real capital investment is more profitable. [Caution: Distinguish real and financial investments! ] Questions: What causes business cycles? How do we know that supply shifts more than demand? = Macroeconomic issues. [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 12] Scenario: Increase in Expected Inflation Lower real cost of borrowing = More security issues (supply). Lower real return = Less savings (demand). Conclude: Fisher effect. Questions: What causes higher expected inflation? = Macroeconomic issue. Mishkin ch. 5 P. 13] Evidence on the Fisher Effect (Fits the data at least in the long-run) [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 14] Collect Open Questions Why does expected inflation change? Leading answer: Money growth. Not an exogenous disturbance. = Needs analysis. Topic: Money and Inflation. What causes business cycles? Many causes. Among them: â€Å"Mistakes† in monetary policy. = Needs analysis. Topic: Money and Output. Age nda: 1. Reinforce the lessons on demand and supply: More examples. 2. Examine how monetary policy influences inflation and output. 3. Return to the interest rates – remainder of Mishkin ch. 5 [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 15] Applications of Asset Demand Supply Analysis 1. A Classic: The â€Å"Flight to Quality† (Lesson: Asset demand is relative) Stock Market Price Supply Price Bond Market Supply Demand Stocks Demand Bonds 1987 stock market crash: stocks - flight to bonds 1994 Mexican Peso crisis: emerging market stocks - to US stocks and bonds 1997 Asian crisis: Asian stocks and bonds - to US and Europeans stocks and bonds 1998 Russian default: risky bonds (foreign and US low quality) - to US Treasury bonds . The Term Structure of interest rates: (Mishkin ch. 6, part 2) Defer discussion, raises macro issues. [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 16] 3. The Risk-structure of interest rates: (Mishkin ch. 6, part 1) Good measures of riskiness: Bond Ratings Good measures of promised return: Yield to maturity. Find: (1) Changes in risk = Changes in relative yields (2) Holding risk constant, yields move together 4. The Stock Marke t Crash of 1987 Can we always assume that demand is downward sloping? . The Market for Foreign Exchange (Mishkin ch. 17. Much improved in 8ed. ) Exchange rate = Relative price of different country’s financial assets Demand = Function of relative return, risk, and liquidity Supply = Fixed in short run (apart from official interventions – later) More later if time – for now, note one key point: High US interest rates relative to foreign interest rates increase the demand for dollar assets = Stronger dollar [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 17]

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 48

Journal - Essay Example The story also presents an existing conflict between human rights bodies, tribesmen, and police, against ISIS. The group had done these actions before in Syria, which led to mass deaths, and abduction of women and children. The main aim of this story is to expose the extent of human rights violation by ISIS purporting to protect religion, but goes to the extreme mile of executing people, and kidnapping. The target audience in this story is human rights organizations and peacekeepers in Iraq. The writer presents photos and videos showing activities and executions done by ISIS in the past and seems to highlight the negative effects, pain and suffering people are going through because of ISIS. The picture presentation has an element of emotional appeal due to the dull pictures showing the ISIS in action holding guns, which gives a chilling effect. This story fails to give an in-depth background about ISIS and people reading this news for the first time shall not fully understand the

Compact car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compact car - Essay Example Compact cars are also chosen as a popular second vehicle to use for running errands without spending a fortune in gas bills. These are also at the lower priced end of the market compared to SUV's and are more affordable compared to the SUV's. Cars begin at $10,000 and move upwards making them easier to buy. They may also have lesser features in the basic models to fit the budget. Similarly, smaller size translates into lower maintenance costs. Handling is another positive factor. The small compact car is definitely more maneuverable in the congested downtown areas and the smaller parking spaces. During the peak traffic times or when on congested highways, a compact car seems more easy to handle. Compact cars have a lower visibility due to their low height making it difficult to see with ease for shorter people. They also have a lower record of safety when it comes to collision impacts. Their smaller size makes them more vulnerable to impacts, and they are often highly damaged when involved in an accident. The compact falters when it comes to interior space and legroom. For a family of four it is just right and for those who are of above average build, well, after long distances they should be ready for a few cramps.

What event of the 20th century has had the greatest impact on the Essay

What event of the 20th century has had the greatest impact on the world in which we live today Justify your answer and describe the relationship between the ev - Essay Example The Second World War, which raged between1939-1945, although primarily a war between European nations had a ripple effect, and soon countries as far flung as America, Japan, China were actively involved in the war. This war strengthened the notion that wars are conflicts fought between societies, populations and ideologies and not just battles for annexation. This war also had far-reaching impact on the economies of the world and led to the creation of new economic policies which brought about greater affluence as well as advances in science and technology. The world, after 1945, or rather, after the end of the Second World War, had a distinctly different look. Apart from the damage to humans, their habitats and industry, the war led to a re-alignment in the political and social sphere. The division of the world into pro-U.S. and pro-Russia camps emerged and capitalism and socialism began to define economic systems. Up until the Second World War, Germany had dominated Europe and Europe the world, but now the era of European supremacy was over. The age of global supremacy had begun. Europe, which was economically, politically and socially shattered by the war, lay in debris, but from this debris sprung new nations, because the bankrupt European nations could not control their colonies, spread all over the globe. The process of decolonization had begun, and the end of the war saw numerous new nations being added to the world map. One of the most important of these, in terms of impact, was the nation of Israel. It was born out of the idea that Jews needed a place which they could call their own, and since Judaism as a religion, had roots in Palestine, a portion of this Arab populated and Arab speaking land was handed over to the Jews. A resolution passed by the newly formed United Nations Organization partitioned Palestine into separate Jew and Arab states. While the Jews were overjoyed, the Arabs resented this snatching away of their

Mitochondrial DNA Analysis: Techniques and Applications

Mitochondrial DNA Analysis: Techniques and Applications Introduction Because of advancements in technology and techniques, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis has become a common method in forensic procedure. Polymorphisms in human mtDNA were first discovered in 1980 (Brown 1980) while a complete sequence was first achieved in 1981 (Anderson et al., 1981). MtDNA sequencing is frequently used in cases where biological samples are degraded or low in quality, instead of nuclear DNA (nDNA), because each cell contains more than 1000 copies of mtDNA per cell instead of only two per cell in the case of nDNA. This article will examine the background information and techniques of mtDNA analysis as well as several of its applications. Background Information Mitochondrial DNA is located outside the nucleus of a cell in organelles known as mitochondria. The chief advantage of mtDNA is the fact that it is present at a rate of between 100 and several thousand times per cell, making it much easier to be typed than nuclear DNA (James and Nordby, 2005). This characteristic makes mtDNA a very useful tool in a sample that is either degraded or limited in quantity. Its typical sources include hair, bones, teeth and bodily fluid such as saliva, blood, and semen. Another feature of mtDNA is that it is maternally inherited so a sample can be collected from any member of the maternal lineage (Giles et al. 1980). The mtDNA for humans is ~16,569 base pairs and consists of two regions, the control region and the coding region. The control region is located in the displacement loop (D-loop), and contains hypervariable regions 1, 2, and 3 (HVI, HVII, and HVIII). HVI and HVII are sufficiently polymorphic to allow two samples to be differentiated. However, HVIII is currently being assessed to determine its capacity for use in discriminating between individuals and could one day be used to increase the discerning power of mtDNA. The D-loop of mtDNA does not contain any functional genes, and accumulates mutations at a rate of up to 10 times that of nDNA (James and Nordby, 2005). See image below for a sample mtDNA structure. The HVI region is approximately 341 base pairs (bp) in length while the HVII region is 267bp. The other regions in the mtDNA genome have been successfully analyzed but have not been frequently used in forensic works because they havent been proven sufficiently hypervariable. Techniques of mtDNA Analysis The methods for mtDNA typing have gradually changed over the past thirty years. The process has gradually changed protocols from low-resolution restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to sequence analysis of the HVII and HVII regions and is moving towards a complete sequence of the mtDNA genome for each case. The sequencing and comparison of the mtDNA can be broken down into four steps: Extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, sequencing, and comparison. Extraction A biological sample contains main substances besides DNA. The purpose of extraction is to separate the other material from the DNA before it is examined. The sample is prepared and mixed with certain organic chemicals that lyse the cell membranes, separate proteins from the DNA, and then denature the proteins and destroy their structures to decrease their solubility. Using a phenol chloroform, the denatured proteins are removed. The DNA is then purified using ethanol precipitation and isolation by centrifuge. PCR Amplification The polymerase chain reaction is process similar to the one used by cells to copy their own DNA. By using this process, a relatively small number of copies could be multiplied into over a billion in around thirty cycles. PCR amplification is a three step process. First, the two mtDNA strands are denatured by heat at 94 °C. This means the strands separate from each other into two equal and opposite strands. Second, the sample is cooled to 60 °C and the primers bind to the DNA template, which gives a start sequence to the DNA polymerase in step three, which extends the primers by adding the respective nucleic acids to the base strand and completes the sequence, thus turning one copy of the DNA into two. By repeating this process, the number of copies increases exponentially. Sequencing The primary sequencing method in mtDNA analysis is known as the Sanger method, which is a six step process that builds off the PCR amplification. First, the removal of remaining Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTP) and primers from PCR through spin filtration or enzyme digestion is required. The PCR quantity is then found to determine if there is enough product to sequence the DNA. Then, four different colored fluorescent dyes are attached to the four differenet ddNTPs. After that, the unincorporated dyes from the sequencing reaction are removed using spin filtration. The purified sequencing reaction is then diluted in foramide and separated through gel electrophoresis. Finally, the sequence analysis of each reaction performed is compiled and interpreted. Comparison After sequencing the HVI and HVII regions of the DNA, the sequences are confirmed with the forward and reverse strands for that sample. Differences are then noted from the revised Anderson sequence, which is the newest standard for mtDNA. Finally, the known and the unknown samples are compared with each other and then compared with the database to determine halotype frequency. Applications As previously stated, current applications of mtDNA analysis are best suited to DNA which is very old and highly degraded. Some of the applications in this include individual identification, evolutionary biology, and maternal lineage testing. Individual Identification MtDNA can play a considerable role in the identification of individuals in which the biological sample would be highly degraded, for example, identifying remains of unknown soldiers. In June, 1998, a DNA sample from one of the US tombs of the unknown was collected and compared to reference samples from seven different families who had lost a family member during the war. The results eliminated six of the families, and provided a positive identification on the final family. The results proved consistent and the soldier was identified as Air Force First Lieutenant Michael J. Blassie. In this case, the small, closed population allowed relative ease of identification. To date, the remains of around 150 soldiers from the Vietnam War and 1,200 from the Korean War have been reunited with their families. Evolutionary Biology There are two main hypotheses about human evolution and phylogenic trees trying to guess where the human race branches off from the rest of the animal kingdom and spread all over the world. The multiregional evolution suggests that modern humans evolved from Neanderthals and Homo erectus at the same time in different parts of the world. This hypothesis is supported by fossil evidence, particularly a gradual change in facial structure from earlier to modern humans. The other hypothesis suggests a more recent African origin around 100,000 200,000 years ago, in which a small group of modern humans populated the rest of the world. This would have been done without mixing genetic material with other forms of humans. Because the human mitochondrial genome was one of the first to be completely sequenced, it took researchers a while to see the advantage of sequencing the entire genome. First, mutations in the D-loop occur at a rate 5-10 times faster than that of normal nDNA, and having the complete genome showed the same polymorphism on two different loci. Also, while the D-loop was changing at a high rate, mutations outside the D-loop were near zero, allowing the rate of evolution for the rest of the genome to be seen clearly and evenly between different complexes. The data collected gives evidence to support the recent African origin theory. By finding the substitution rate between the sequences, it is possible to find dates at which the genetic material coincided with itself and thus makes it possible to find approximate dates and points on the phylogenic tree. From this information, the sequence of events in human evolution can be established. The data suggests a severe population constriction around 180,000 years ago. (Brown, 1980) This evidence supports the recent African origin hypothesis while with the multiregional hypothesis you would expect to see this constriction at an older date. Maternal Lineage Because mtDNA testing can be done with a smaller quantity of DNA, it is well suited for maternity testing and forming a family tree. Right now, mtDNA is the most common form of DNA analysis performed to determine parental maternity testing today. Obviously, this is used in the legal system for the purpose of deciding custody battles. MtDNA also has precedence in accurately performing historical identifications through maternal lineage. A famous case of this would most likely be the case in which Jesse James body was identified by using a comparison between his DNA and the great-great-granddaughter of his sister. This lineage would provide a positive match if in fact it was Jesse James remains, which in fact it was. However, the James case was not without its faults. The initial attempts at mtDNA analysis of the bone specimens from the specimen were not successful. More, specifically, there was no product formation during the Polymerase Chain Reaction. The most likely cause of this type of error would be the poor condition the material was in.(Stone et al. 2001) After running several tests on the bones, teeth and hair of the remains, mtDNA was collected and analyzed from two molar teeth and two hair fibers. This just shows that while mtDNA analysis has the possibility for up to 100% exclusion, because of mix-ups, laboratory errors, contamination, and degradation, its not 100% accurate. Conclusion Because of its impact on the forensic community, mtDNA analysis has become a power discrimination tool in forensic science. The methods that have been developed over the past thirty years have been firmly founded in scientific research. Each tool used in the aid of sequencing the mtDNA has a specific purpose that plays an important part the analysis as a whole. As technologies evolve, the discriminating power goes up, as in the case of adding the HVIII loci to the standard, and the error rates go down because of new information regarding contamination prevention procedures and determining the presence of degraded sample. Finally, by applying all of these concepts to the forensic world, mtDNA analysis becomes a powerful tool that has the potential to trace lineages, prove maternity, and identify unknown persons. References Anderson, S., Bankier, A.T., Barrel, B.G., Bruijn, M.H.L., Courlson, A.R., Drouin, J., Eperon,I.C., Nierlich, D.P., Roe, B.A., Sanger, F., Schreier, P.H., Smith, A., Staden, R., and Young, I.G., 1981, Sequence and Organization of the Human Mitochondrial Genome.MRC Laborator of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Brown, W. M. 1980 Polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of humans as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USAVol. 77, No. 6, pp. 3605-3609 Butler, J. 2005, Forensic DNA Typing. Elsevier Science pp.242-298 Giles, R.E., Blanc, H., Cann, H.M., and Wallace, D.C. .1980, Maternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USAVol. 77, No. 11, pp. 6715-6719, Ingman, M. ,2001,Mitochondrial DNA Clarifies Human Evolution, http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/ingman.html Image Source: MtDNA. http://www.nfstc.org/pdi/Subject09/images/pdi_s09_m02_01_a.1_large.jpg James, S.H. and Nordby, J.J. 2005, Forensic Science: an introduction to scientific and investigative techniques. N.W. Ciroirate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida Michael Blassie Unknown No More, 2006, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs//galleries/cases/blassie.html Stone A.C., Starrs J.E., Stoneking, M. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the presumptive remains of Jesse James. J of Forensic Sci 2001;46(1):173-176. What is the relationship between the cold war and the war on terror’ in afghanistan? What is the relationship between the cold war and the war on terror’ in afghanistan? What is the relationship between the Cold War and the ‘War on Terror in Afghanistan? How far can one be said to be the continuation of the other? Introduction The Cold War period lasted for nearly 45 years, from 1945 to 1991. It began at the end of the Second World War and with the collapse of the Soviet Union. The war was the stage for the Wests struggle against communist ideas and changes. This long wearing conflict brought to pass an increase in production and trade of arms and an appearance of a new world order formed by America. The main principle of the cold war can be seen as the East-West competition in ideas, arms and spheres of influence. (REF) After Afghan terrorists dramatically attacked the United States on September 11, 2001; America declared a war on terror and flew its troops into Afghanistan in pursuit of avenging their nation and capturing al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. Again America found itself in opposition to the East, nevertheless this time a different region. And Again the East was fighting against this new world order and Americas quest for world domination in a globalising world. The aim of the essay is to explore the relationship between the cold war and the ‘war on terror in Afghanistan and to find similarities in political patterns and warfare, in order to answer the question. Main Body History Main question Relationship The cold war marked the struggle between America and the USSR after the Second World War. The war influenced international affairs majorly. It influenced the way conflicts were handled, the way countries were divided up and the increasing growth in weaponry production. The United States of America as well as the USSR had weapons of mass destructions in nuclear form, which formed a global threat for all humanity. However, both superpowers were aware of the exceeding dangers of their nuclear weapons. Therefore they would not fight an open war against each other. However they fought wars by proxy, supporting other countries to fight each other on their behalf. An example of this is the Vietnam War. While the Soviets supported the communist north of Vietnam, the United States supplied the anti-communist south with weapons and fighters. Therefore it was not just a war between North and South Vietnam but a proxy war between the Soviet Union and America. America perceived the USSR as anti-d emocratic and as oppressor of civil liberties. However one can argue that capitalist America was opposing the USSR because they were spreading communist ideas and they were anti-capitalist and therefore an obstacle to global domination. (REF) The USSR perceived America as severe threat to their communist borders. Both parties lived in a form of paranoia about one another, with feelings of suspicions and distrust and this lack of understanding of politics and cultures lead to a dangerous course, which was the cold war. In the late 1970s Afghanistan was experiencing political difficulties. Hazifullah Amin, the prime minister had a plan to change Afghan politics and society and to do away with Muslim traditions in order to introduce a more western system. This did not please most Afghans who valued their Muslim traditions. Therefore they joined the mujahideen, a guerrilla group who opposed Amins regime and Soviet intervention. It is interesting to know that the Taliban are a faction derived from a group of mujahideen. (REF) The Soviets fought a hopeless war against the group in the unfamiliar territories of the mountains. Though the Russians were a superpower they did not prevail against the guerrillas, who they deemed terrorists. The mujahideen eventually overthrew the Afghan government and drove out the Russians. Furthermore, it is believed that the mujahideen had sponsors as well as access to American missiles. As such it can be argued that America used the guerrilla group as proxy against communi st Russia. Now at the beginning of the twenty-first century, many years after the cold war, a different yet similar type of threat engages the United States. Terrorism nowadays is part of constant political debate. America was wounded deeply on 9/11 which lead the nation to fight on open ended war against terrorism and to invade Afghanistan. The nation believed, as former US president George W. Bush said that the al-Qaeda and Taliban were evil doers who continued the course of fascism, Nazism and totalitarianism. (Ref) Bush himself here draws a parallel to the Cold war. Further he states that â€Å"either you are with us or you are with the terrorists†. (CNN) Terrorism was an evil that had to be fought and neutralised. Afghanistan needed to be freed from its extremism and it needed a reasonable system with liberal democracies and western values. Again there was a divide between the west and the east and between freedom and oppression. And again on both sides there was the readiness to im mediately use powerful military force. However one important difference between both wars is that during the cold war, though wars were fought by proxy, the opposing nations still had civilised meetings and debates in order to find a peaceful solution. The war on terror however, did or does not leave room or time for negotiation. Whether the perception of the threat was exaggerated or the response appropriate has been debated since day one of the invasion. However America should not have been so quick to invade Afghanistan. There are many reasons for this argument, firstly because Afghanistan as a country did not attack the United States but it was the work of a small group of people in Afghanistan. (REF) Secondly America should have aimed to meet with leaders of the Afghan government to discuss a cooperation in order to capture terrorists groups and to tackle the problem internally. If this would have failed, the States would look for other alternatives and if all cooperation faile d, then threaten the country with an invasion. America was wounded, it was hurt, ashamed and scared and yes it was angry and demanded action, yet the action it took was not the right one. It has been over eight years since the invasion of the Middle East and not much has been achieved. As the Cold war can be describes as a war of ideas, so can the war on terror be describes as a war of ideas and values. The Cold war was a competition and struggle for power.   It lasted for decades but the states involved did negotiate and did meet in discussion to find possible solutions to the conflict. In contrast, the war on terror does not accept negotiations between the west and the terrorists. Though there are cooperation between many states worldwide to combat terrorism, there is no real communication between the states who matter, namely between the West and the East. However during both wars America dealt with a perceived threat and fear of the foreign. There emerged a new national security state with internal surveillance and increased security measures. (REF) Nowadays more and more intelligent surveillance technology is being developed. However these inventions might not always be ethical and they do pose a threat to civil liberties. In the case of the newly manufactur ed 3D full body scanners at airports, which are so detailed that it becomes possible to perfectly see a person naked, people and groups have been outraged. The state faces a difficult decision between increased security and the protection of peoples privacy. (The Guardian) However, the terrorist threat of al-Qaeda also can be seen as different from the danger of the USSR. While the al-Qaeda is a relatively small group, the Soviet Union is an enormously large state, with a great amount of nuclear weapons, forces and allies. While the first was about a struggle for power, the later is a struggle against the influence of western capitalism and mistreatments. Nevertheless both the Soviet Union and the al-Qaeda were and are fighting against capitalist ideas. This is not to suggest that Russia has terrorist features. But it is to identify the relationship between the two conflicts. Thus it can be said that there is a continuation of the fight against capitalism and therefore a continuation of the conflict between the West and the East. Also this conflict is a fight against globalisation. As capitalism thrives on an ever shrinking and interconnected world, with open borders and free markets which globalisation facilitates.

Definition Essay- The Evolved Meaning of Private -- Definition Essays

Definition Essay- The Evolved Meaning of Private The word private has changed very much over the past 600 years.   When the word first originated it had a few concise meanings.   Today, the word private has plenty of definitions, some of which many people do not know.   For instance, it is interesting to learn that private means "apart from the state" or "a person not receiving treatment under the National Health Service or any similar state scheme" (Landau). Spending time looking through dictionaries helps to gain a much better understanding of a word   many think they know very well. The various dictionaries containing private states it as meaning "seclusion, apart from the public body, a soldier with rank below corporal, etc." which are the meanings that are previously understood.   Many of the dictionaries have several definitions that seem similar.   Modern definitions often say the same thing, such as "intimate, confidential, confined to one person, peculiar to a particular person, and property of a particular individual" (Simpson).   Before examining the definition if this wo...

Metaphor and Architecture

Metaphor and architectureMetaphor comes from Middle Frenchmetaphore ( Old Frenchmetafore, 13c. ) , and straight from Latinmetaphora, from Greekmetaphora † a transportation, † particularly of the sense of one word to a different word, literally â€Å" a carrying over, † frommetapherein † transportation, carry over ; alteration, alter ; to utilize a word in a unusual sense, † frommeta- † over, across † [ 1 ] .Using metaphors in architecture can be tricky at times as there is a really all right line between tacky and kitsch. This essay explore the application of corporal knowledge in architecture by utilizing metaphor and an first-class undertaking designed utilizing metaphor – Terragni’s Danteum which is a interlingual rendition of Dante’s Divine Comedy into architecture by beds of significance.From the debut, we get a little apprehension of what is metaphor. Before diging farther, we’ll explore metaphor more extens ively here. As we know in literature, metaphor is a medium in connoting things and objects that are different from each other but carries some similar feature between them. For illustration, ‘ Alice is a walk-to dictionary.’ ; this sentence does non intend that Alice is a dictionary but it means that she is so smart and knowing that she is like a dictionary that is ALIVE. In this instance, when we think about ‘dictionaries’ , vocabulary, book and cognition came into our head while ‘walking ‘ gives personification to the term ‘ walking dictionary’ . Arguably, Shakespeare has possibly the best usage of metaphor in his plants. In Sonnet 18, he uses summer as a metaphor for his love. From the above illustrations, we can see that the appropriate use of metaphor entreaties straight to the senses of the readers by heightening their imaginativeness. Therefore, metaphors give the readers fresh positions, thoughts and believing sing the topic .Barie Fez-Barringten one time quotedâ€Å"Metaphor is a accelerator which fuses memories, experiences and other manner of being ; it embodies within its ain peculiarity certain cosmopolitan symbols and constructs common to mankind. Metaphorically things, times and topographic points known to hold a discriminatory particular or localized usage in one context are explicitly employed in another. One familiar and one unusual term are normally composed into a individual signifier where one term usually used in one context is brought over into another with the usage of illuminating ; doing more apparent something in the 2nd sphere which otherwise remains obscure.†However, the inquiry sing how metaphor and architecture relates still remained unreciprocated. How can we plan with metaphor? Metaphors can raise senses such as sound, gustatory sensation, odor, touch and sight to the readers. Interestingly, there is a research sing corporal knowledge in Psychology which suggests that the senses mentioned earlier influences the manner worlds make opinions of the external universe. Now we can see how senses and corporal knowledge are connected to each other. By utilizing metaphors, we can determine and change the experiences of the people in our architecture by raising their senses.White, M.A one time quotedâ€Å"In fact, the relationship between physical experience and idea is a cardinal component in cognitive linguistics† . He besides said that the physical interaction of the bodily human being with his/her environment plays a major function in authorising adult male to build abstract idea.From the diagram above, we can see some touch senses and how people think and feel sing them. Let’s take an illustration, Light gives a feeling of insouciant, fun, high-tech, inexpensive, delicate.We can easy place architecture that relates closely to some of the properties mentioned above – SANNA – Rolex larning Centre.From the image above, we can see how white gives the edifice a futuristic feeling. The really fact that the edifice has an organic form and ‘not touching the ground’ gives an air of high tech magnificence. Although it doesn’t gives a inexpensive vibration, the slim and long columns and all other simple item decidedly makes it really delicate. The slender column back uping the roof, the form, the coloring material strategy made the undertaking really elegant. On the other manus, Heavy gives a feeling of importance, valuable and seriousness. We don’t even necessitate a specific illustration for this as it has ever been around us. We can frequently happen memorials around us which are normally made or built with rocks, marbles and concrete. In United States, the White House and Pentagon in a manner convey the political and military art of the state. Our really ain Cardiff University Main edifice is a really good illustration that gives people feeling of importance, valuable and earnestness. In fact, a batch of old political and educational establishment edifice shows weightiness and in most instances they are masonry edifice. The ‘heavy’ isn’t merely the physical weightiness as in weight, but besides the metaphysical solemn vibration that these edifices relay to the people. This clearly proved that the surveies about corporal knowledge is true, the head and the organic structure is inseparable.Continuing from the last paragraph, we can briefly mentioned the connexion of the senses – Light and Heavy to the stuffs used. As mentioned above, most old political and educational establishments are masonry edifices. Materials besides play an of import portion in raising senses. Let’s take an illustration, concrete.Coach: What type of stuff are you traveling to utilize?Student: Concrete.Coach: What type of concrete? There are tonss of types of concrete, from how you cast the concrete to the composing of the stuffs in the concrete mixture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ .I believe this is a instead common conversation between a coach and a pupil everyplace around the universe. At least, this conversation was my really ain experience during tutorial, and my coach has been teasing me to make up one's mind the type of concrete I want to utilize for hebdomads. A image speaks a 1000 words, so the undermentioned images would do the treatment easier to understand.The first image shows the church of visible radiation by Tadao Ando while the 2nd images shows the Brother Klaus Field Chapel by Peter Zumpthor. They are both churches and the stuff used are concrete. I think we can see how different they are. Being inside the church of Light and Brother Klaus Field certainly give the visitants wholly different feelings, we can see the importance of stuff, non merely the pick of stuff ( glass, steel or concrete ) but besides how we are handling the stuffs.The dramatis personae affects the textures ( smooth or unsmooth ) . The composing of t he concrete mixture affects the coloring material, texture and ‘heaviness’ of the concrete. All these small inside informations are things that designers can make up one's mind, and this determination plays a critical function in making the ambiance and raising the senses of the people utilizing the edifice.Forty, A. one time said that â€Å"Successful metaphors rely on the dissimilitude of things, non upon their similitude. The feature of an effectual metaphor is it borrows an image from one scheme of thoughts, and applies it to another, antecedently unrelated scheme.With the decision on the relationship between metaphor and architecture, we are traveling to analyze a undertaking called The Danteum. The use of metaphor in architecture has been taken to a whole new degree in Danteum. Although it was ne'er built, it is decidedly a undertaking worth analyzing. What makes Danteum successful is the beds of significances that surrounds the undertaking.Danteum is an unfulfil led undertaking commissioned by Mussolini’s Fascist government.At that clip Italy was ruled by Musolini. In order to set Italy back on the universe map as one of the strongest state, Mussolini for a literary chef-d'oeuvre of Italy’s olympian and canonized yesteryear as a representation of Italy’s illustriousness and asked Terragni to plan a memorial for Dante’s Divine Comedy. Danteum was ne'er built due to the diminution of mussolini’s power during World War II. The edifices take the visitant through a sequence of 3 different kingdoms: Inferno, Purgatorio and Paradiso. The Divine comedy can be interpreted into several distinguishable degrees as it is interlaced with the physical, societal, political and historical system.Terragni takes the visitants through different brushs in his proposal. There are four primary constituent in the Danteum: The entryway tribunal, Inferno, Purgatory and Paradiso.The image above shows the circulation way that can be taken. The visitant enters a long narrow tract and would hold to do a u bend into the courtyard. The atmosphere alterations from a more restricted infinite to a more unfastened infinite in the courtyard. However, the infinite diminishes once more as the visitant advancement from the tribunal to the wood of columns so to the three stairss. As the visitants pass through the columns and down some stairss, the sum of visible radiation in the infinites easy diminishes every bit good till they reach Inferno. The Inferno which is in a form of a aureate rectangle can be decomposed into seven squares with different floor highs. This is rather different to a conventional edifice where the walls are those that are changed ( holding window, nothingness or gaps of different tallness and size ) . The hell has a dark inside with light coming in through the narrow spreads. Then, the visitants would hold to travel up a series of stepss that leads to Purgatory which is a reminiscent of the abbreviate d conelike mountain island holding seven valances. From here, the infinite becomes brighter as they proceed from Purgatory to Paradiso. Part of Paradiso ( upper portion of Paradiso in floor program ) extends to the Empyrean while the other side leads to the issues.The ambiance in hell[ 2 ] Inferno[ 3 ] ParadisoDanteum is designed with compositional, numerical and descriptive properties from The Divine Comedy that form the plan of the undertaking. The spacial administration of Danteum adheres closely to the verse form. Alternatively of utilizing a actual interlingual rendition on The Divine Comedy, Terragni delved deeper into history and other metaphorical elements to connote elusive narrative of the verse form. In the image below, you can see how Danteum’s floor program is based on the Golden Section which was popular after the Renaissance period. There is 2 squares overlapping and shifted off from each other to organize a Golden Rectangle. This forms the margin of Danteum an d creates a threshold between the 3 kingdoms. The usage of Golden Section as a proportioning system besides generates the placement of the columns which is more obvious in the Inferno. The hell is decomposed into 7 squares where the columns were placed at the centre of a nested square within the Golden Section. The Columns besides diminishes in size, gyrating along the Golden Section. On the other manus, the columns in the courtyard are of the same size and array upon a square grid. The handling of columns in Danteum is unconventional in the modernist motion where the wall defines the kingdom while the columns dance in infinite which is different with the modernist motion.[ 4 ] Floor Plan and Golden SectionThe numerical properties of the Divine Comedy plays a immense portion in Danteum’s design. It besides influences the columns in Danteum where they denote the abstract construction of the verse form. There are 100 cantos in the verse form and therefore there are besides 100 columns in the Danteum.In the verse form, the imaginations of the kingdoms were described through topological constructions. The Northern hemisphere had landmass with Jerusalem at the centre whereas the Southern Hemisphere is covered with H2O. The hell – snake pit was created when Lucifer was thrown out of Eden when dramatis personae in the deepness of fire.This image shows the subdivision cutting across Inferno and purgatory. ( Inferno on the left, Purgatory on the right ) . Notice how Inferno is lower than the Purgatory? Since in the verse form, creative activity of Inferno is the ground why Purgatory is formed, mass of Earth from hell is transferred to Purgatory doing Inferno lowest portion of the kingdom ( snake pit is the lowest ) , back uping the Purgatory with mass from Inferno ( Inferno as a foundation of Purgatory ) . Purgatory is described as a mountain surrounded by H2O. The mass from Inferno made Purgatory into a ‘physical mountain’ surrounded by H2O ( As mentioned before, the South hemisphere is covered with H2O ) .Paradiso is the 3rd room sitting above the 100 columns ( the hundred columns is a metaphor for dante’s wood with light filtrating through the glass block above merely like how light is filtered by the foliages in the wood ) . It is constructed with grid construction, with 33 glass columns. The floor, beams, roof are all made from glass. The contemplation and refraction of visible radiation off the glass surface gave Paradiso a Ethereal feeling that one can easy associate and conceive of when one idea about Eden. The stuff pick for Paradiso made it a really light compared to the other relams. ( Refer to floor program ) , note that there is 9 circles in the center of Paradiso, the 9 circles are really glass columns stand foring the 9 domains environing the Earth, and beyond that sits the concluding place of God. In Paradiso, psyches are entitled a particular sphere harmonizing to their virtues.On the other manus , the 7 squares in Purgatory represent the salvation of the seven wickednesss. The roof has comparatively big nothingnesss to allow light into the infinite compared to Inferno. In the subdivision, observe how the land degree for Inferno is uneven and the slabs supported by the columns are non connected leting visible radiation to slice through the roof, they convey the rough landscape on Earth in a more utmost signifier harmonizing to Terragni’s text â€Å"The esthesis of the at hand, of nothingness formed under the crust of Earth and through a awful seismal upset caused by the autumn of Lucifer’ .BibliographySchumacher, Thomas L. , Terragni ‘s Danteum,2neodymiumedn ( Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press,1993 )Kanekar, Aarti, Metaphor in Morphic Language ( London: UCL,2009 ) Schnall, S. Are at that place basic metaphors? ( 2013 ) . In M. J. Landau, M. D. Robinson & A ; B. P. Meier ( Eds. ) , The power of metaphor: Analyzing its influence on societal life.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.1hypertext transfer protocol: //www.etymonline.com/index.php? term=metaphor

Guide to Microteaching

Guide to Microteaching Microteaching is a teacher training technique that allows student teachers to practice and refine their teaching skills in a low-risk, simulated classroom environment. The method,  also used for retraining or fine-tuning the skills of practicing teachers,  was developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Dwight Allen at Stanford University. How Microteaching Works Microteaching sessions involve one student teacher, the class instructor (or school supervisor), and a small group of peers. These sessions allow student teachers to practice and polish their teaching techniques in a simulated environment  before putting them into practice with students. Using the teaching method, which was revised and simplified in the late 1980s and early 1990s, student teachers conduct a short lesson (usually 5-20 minutes in length). Microteaching  sessions focus on one teaching skill at a time. This singular focus provides the opportunity for student teachers to master each  technique by  planning and teaching the same lesson multiple times, making  adjustments based on peer and instructor  feedback.   Benefits of Microteaching Microteaching provides ongoing training for student teachers and retraining for classroom teachers in a simulated environment. These practice sessions enable student teachers to perfect their teaching techniques before applying them in the classroom. Microteaching sessions also allow student teachers to prepare for a variety of classroom scenarios, including working with students of different skill levels and socioeconomic backgrounds. Lastly, microteaching provides valuable opportunities for self-evaluation and peer feedback. Disadvantages of Microteaching Microteaching is considered one of the most effective techniques for teacher training, but it does have a few drawbacks. Most significantly, microteaching requires the presence of an instructor and a group of peers, which means that not all student teachers (or current teachers) can consistently complete microteaching sessions. Ideally, microteaching sessions are repeated multiple times so that the student teacher can refine his or her skills. However, in larger education programs, there may not be time for all student teachers to complete multiple sessions. The Microteaching Cycle Microteaching is accomplished cyclically, allowing teachers to practice new skills in order to attain mastery. Classroom Instruction First, student teachers learn the basics of  an individual through lectures,  textbooks, and demonstration (via an instructor or video lessons). Skills studied include communication, explanation, lecturing, and engaging students. They may also include organization, illustrating lessons with examples, and answering student questions. Lesson Planning Next, the student teacher plans a short lesson that will enable her to practice these new skills in a mock classroom situation. Though the classroom environment is simulated, teachers should consider their presentation an actual lesson and present it in an engaging, logical, and understandable manner. Teaching and Feedback The teacher conducts the lesson for her instructor and peer group. The session is recorded so that the student can watch it later for self-evaluation. Immediately following the microteaching session, the teacher receives feedback from her instructor and peers. Peer  feedback should be specific and balanced (include  observations on strengths as well as weaknesses)  with the goal of helping the student teacher improve. It’s helpful for peers to focus on their personal experience using â€Å"I† statements and to provide specific detail in their feedback. For example, when providing constructive criticism, I had trouble hearing you at times is more helpful than â€Å"You need to speak louder.† When offering praise, â€Å"I felt confident commenting because you made eye contact with me† is more helpful than You engage well with students.† Re-plan and Reteach Based on peer feedback and self-evaluation, the student teacher plans the same lesson and teaches it a  second time. The goal is to incorporate feedback from the first  microteaching  session to  master the  skill being practiced. The second teaching session is recorded just like the first. At the conclusion, the instructor and peers offer feedback, and the student teacher can watch the recording for self-evaluation. Microteaching often results in better-prepared, more confident teachers with a strong working understanding of the skills they need in the classroom.

The Corporate University Model

The Corporate University Model Training is an inherent factor in any successful organization. Organizations are operating in highly dynamic environment and to remain competitive in the industry, they need to keep with the trend and changes in the market. Training is the process of acquiring new skills and knowledge.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Corporate University Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Training increases employees’ productivity and efficiency to carry out their roles and responsibilities in an organization. Organizations are increasingly leaning on training to help them adapt to changes by increasing their employees’ skills and capabilities. This paper provides an in-depth discussion on the corporate university training model by exploring its purpose and structure in relation to the faculty-training model. Contemporarily, many organizations are using the corporate university model for training and development of employees. The model offers continuous learning for employees focusing on eminent issues facing organizations (Allen, 2002, p.198). The corporate university model is a tool used by organizations to meet its goals and objectives by facilitating employee learning and development. The model trains employees in a classroom setup or over the internet. Training is on general courses such as communication, interpersonal skills, and conflict resolution among other courses depending on departmental training needs. The corporate university model aims at facilitating successful change implementation in an organization (Grenzer, 2006, p. 123). In addition, the model ensures that the organization has a learning culture that is pertinent for successful implementation of change. The model ensures that returns on investment in training are attainable by evaluating the anticipated benefits from the training. The corporate university model has helped many organizations to remain competitive in th e industry by ensuring that, emerging market trends are facilitated through training and development of employees. Finally, the corporate university model reduces the organization staffing cost by eliminating employee turnover. The faculty model on training uses experts in the industry to train employees in a particular field. The faculty training models focus on employees in a certain field to offer specialized training. In return, the employees gain knowledge and in-depth insight into the topic of training by interacting with experts through either question and answer sessions or demonstrations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, the model offers training to key stakeholders, such as employee’s management and board of directors of the organization. It is responsible for developing organizations’ culture and identity by creating awareness on values goals and objectives behind a given organization (Jarvis, 2000, p.132). The faculty model emphasizes on particular department to offer specialized knowledge on a particular topic. Over two thousand companies in the United States of America are using the corporate university training model. J.P. Morgan and Co. is a prime example that uses the corporate university model with organized curriculum for all its employees. Other companies using the corporate university model include Caterpillar, McDonald, and Toyota. The faculty-training model has been adopted by the military due to complex training needs that require skills of an expert in each department. Military officers require training and they practice extensively to avoid mistakes when dealing with real situations. Such expertise can only come from an expert in the field. The two models of training are applicable in different industries thus are both successful in meeting their training objectives. JP Morgan deals with se rvice to consumers and thus the corporate university model enhances the employee’s efficiency when serving consumers. Military training requires that officers hone their skills in different fields and the faculty model is appropriate for this kind of training. In conclusion, the corporate university model is a tool used by an organization to meet its goals and objectives and thus its usefulness helps to create a learning culture and helps organizations to remain competitive in increasing dynamic market environments. References Allen, M. (2002).The corporate university handbook: designing, managing, and growing a successful program. USA: American Mgmt Assn publishers. Grenzer, J. W. (2006).Developing and implementing a corporate university. USA: HRD publishers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Corporate University Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jarvis, P. (2001). Universities and corporate universit ies: the higher learning industry in global society. USA: Routledge.

Organizational Structure and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Structure and Culture - Essay Example An organization can have an informal or formal structure. A formal structure is presented diagrammatically in an organizational chart. It has positions, responsibilities, tasks, and relations among workers in different departments. An informal structure describes personal or social relations that are not stated in the organizational chart. It provides social satisfaction by helping workers meet their personal objectives. It contains communication channels that distribute information more rapidly than the formal system. An organizational chart can be vertical, horizontal, or rectangular. Informal structures require approval of the management and their techniques are closely monitored for effectiveness. Strong Memorial Hospital at the University of Rochester has a formal organizational structure. The organizational chart is drawn vertically. The chief nursing officer is the overall head of the nursing department. Every department has an associate director, who operates below the chief nursing officer. The nursing body also contains budget managers, recruitment, research department, information systems, and policy management. Staff nurses are at the lowest level and interact with the patients. The hospital has a decentralized system where each department has its own director and workers. These nurses are responsible for the welfare of patients in their departments, which provides client centered care. Staff nurses take care of the patients and provide a welcoming environment for their clients. They interact with patients and obtain information about their preferences and priorities. The hospital also has a patient educational program to educate the patients about their role in health practices (URMC, 2012). The hospital has a computerized information management system. Patient information is stored in the hospital database. Electronic medical records are used to reduce the patient waiting time. Human patient simulator is used by doctors to simulate treatment pract ices for patients. The institution has an information systems manager who oversees flow of information in the hospital. The system is accessible by all departments, which speeds up information sharing. A patient can have different complications which fall under different departments. Doctors and nurses in these departments require full health records for the patient before treatment. The information management system ensures availability of such information for all departments. The hospital has an interpreter service for deaf patients. An interpreter is used to aid communication between the deaf client and the clinicians. This facilitates information exchange for better services. Every clinician in the facility has a corporate email for effective communication within the staff. Face to face communication is used by nurses and doctors to attend to patients. This helps them understand the patient better and provide the requested services. It also helps create a good relationship betwe en the staff and patients. Doctors use notes to pass sensitive information in the presence of the patient. Consultation is done by staff before making important decisions regarding clients. Nurses and doctors hold discussions before performing operations, medication, and other major decisions. Human patient simulators are used during discussions to determine the right treatment process. Researchers hold lengthy discussions regarding their findings before making a conclusive decision. The

Analyze language arts lesson plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze language arts lesson plan - Essay Example s showed the slightest interest to help only that at the time of enjoying the fruits of the labour, i.e., only while eating the baked bread everybody proposed to eagerly share at which the Hen then disagreed and cherished the fruits of her arduous labour and ate the bread with her chicks. This story is very colourfully and playfully presented before the children in preschool and preliminary stages of learning to instill, impart and inculcate within their tender minds the true virtues of sincerity, eagerness, earnestness, accountability, responsibility, uprightness, integrity, willpower and self-discipline. A host of interesting and enjoyable at the same time educational and knowledge-building fun-to-learn activities are usually integrated with this process of story-telling session to make the entire exercise very attractive and entertaining to the kids to make them memorable and illustrious such that learning becomes amusing and easy for them. A picturesque vibrant book of the Little Red Hen is to be selected with colourful illustrations for the pre-school purpose with each and every craft and drawing materials, and also some baking utensils be kept handy in order to perform practical illustrations to mark a long lasting memory of the activities elaborated. The third Activity is revisiting the story with individual role play intensively illustrated and demonstrated with very easy-to-construct craft items such as with funny figureheads or colourful miniatures singing each phases of the story and encouraging them to read out loud in the desired musical tone while stressing on the effectiveness and efficacies of planting, harvesting and nutritiousness of baking wheat into bread. This is followed by the fourth bread-tasting Activity of different samples of bread while sharing amongst each other during lunch break thus establishing that Sharing is fun and productive which could be even more enhanced if the bread can be baked in an oven with each member sharing the