Chinese Civil Service Examination

The majestic examinationination arrangement in Ancient china Abstract Imperial scrutiny in ancient China was developing based on the nine-rank frame. From Sui and Tang dynasties to Guangxu social class, Qing dynasty, it took more than 1300 historic period to evolve. The Imperial Examination is form eachy called Keju Examination in China, which was an important part of instruction system of feudal monastic lodge in ancient China. In the mean age, it was a kind of officer-selecting system as well. It contend a significant role in cultivating, selecting, and making use of talents.Modern trial run system also takes example by the imperial examinations in ancient China. So we should attach importance to researching and canvass it due to its enlightenment to the intention of education system. Have you ever wondered why there is an examination this kind of stuff which makes students suffer a sell and how it comes about? What is its origin? And how did it develop? Actually, China has a long history in examination system. So, I will talk about the imperial examination system in China which has a far-reaching impact to other Asian countries. The establishment of the nine-rank system A certain system can non be created without backside and time, it must corroborate an origin, and before the establishment of the system, there must have been a predecessor originating gradually Ch ien Mu? Imperial examination did not arise suddenly. Before the imperial examination was created, the nine-rank system was considered to be the harbinger of it. According to Ci Hai dictionary, the explanation of the word nine-rank system At the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Cao Cao was in power, he advocated Wei Cai Shi Ju, which means everyone has an opportunity to be an official as long as he is outstanding enough.In the year 220, Cao Pi adoptive Ministry of Personnel, Chen Quns suggestion that every prefecture could elect a re gradeable populace to be the Zhongzheng (a ki nd of official), and the government classified them as nine ranks according to their cap exponent. Cao Pi maintained Cao Caos principle that pedigree will not be the prerequisite. According to baike. baidu. com, at the beginning when nine-rank system was established, the meter for estimating candidates was foc utilize on extraction, morality, and ability. However, with the development of nine-rank system, extraction became the prerequisite, event the sole touchstone.When it came to Western Jin Dynasty, there had been a seat that first-class positions only admitted aristocrats and inferior-class positions only admitted multitude who didnt have eminent background. Until the Northern Dynasty, national nonage was in charge of the government. So the nine-rank system couldnt efficiently work as before and became formalistic. Finally, it was abolished because of the exceed of aristocrats by Sui Dynasty. The establishment of Keju System (The Imperial Examination System) Sui Dynasty In 5 89, Sui Wendi (the emperor) set up two subjects of Xiu Cai and Ming Jing.In 606, Sui Yangdi (the succeeding(a) emperor) started to add another subject of Jin Shi. Therefore, it became the mark of the establishment of Keju System. Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty carried forward the system from Sui Dynasty practicing Keju System which used the subject of Jin Shi as the domi primeval way to select dedicates to upper train. Those who hoped to be the officials of the bureaucracy should compete in the Jin Shi exams, which tested their knowledge about the fiver Confucian Classics. They are Title (English) Title (Chinese) Brief rendering Classic of Poetry A collection of 305 poems divided into 160 folk songs, 105 festal songs interpret at move ceremonies, and 40 hymns and eulogies sung at sacrifices to gods and ancestral spirits of the royal house. Book of Documents A collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou period and b efore. It is possibly the oldest Chinese narrative, and may date from the 6th century BC. It includes examples of early Chinese prose. Book of Rites Describes ancient rites, social forms and court ceremonies.The version analyze today is a re-worked version compiled by scholars in the third century BC kinda than the original text, which is said to have been edited by Confucius himself. Classic of Changes Also known asI ChingorBook of Changes. The book contains adivinationsystem comparable to Westerngeomancyor the West African system. InWesterncultures and modern East Asia, it is still widely used for this purpose. terpsichore and Autumn Annals Also known asLin Jing( ), a historical record of the state of Lu, Confuciuss native state, 722481 BC, compiled by himself, with mplied condemnation of usurpations, murder, incest, etc. Graph from Wikipedia.? By the end of Tang Dynasty, the old aristocracy had been supplanted by the scholar-gentry. Song Dynasty during the Song Dynas ty, there were several reformations and the Keju System became more and more mature and consummate. It had reached its summit. The government expand admission quota and established Provincial Examination, Metropolitan Examination, and Final Imperial Examination. Those exams would be hold triennially. Song Dynasty changed the placement that merchant were discriminated in Sui and Tang Dynasties.Thanks to this policy, many an(prenominal) slew who were born miserably could have a honest access to higher aim of bureaucracy. Ming and Qing Dynasty The Imperial Examination System reached its final form under Ming Dynasty, and was adopted almost intact by the succeeding Qing dynasty. Metropolitan Examination was holding every one-third years in Jing Cheng (capital of Red China), and officials were rotated every three years in order to prevent them from building up a power base. The admission criterion was divided into three levels. The top level included three quotas Zhuang Yuan, Bang Yan, and Tan Hua.The other levels would enroll several examinees. The subject emergence of the examinations was about the Four Books and Five Confucian Classics. The form for an examination paper became the stylized eight-legged essay (Ba Gu Wen), which had eight main headings, used 700 characters or less, and dealt with topics according to a certain set manner. According to www. Newworldencyclopedia. org. ? By 1370, the examinations lasted between 24 and 72 hours, and were conducted in spare, isolated examination rooms nearlytimes, however, it was held in cubicles.The small rooms featured two boards which could be placed together to form a bed, or placed on different levels to serve as a desk and chair. In order to obtain objectivity in evaluation, candidates were identified by number rather than name, and examination answers were recopied by a third person before beingness evaluated to prevent the candidates handwriting from being recognized. The examinations were often critici zed because the ability to do well on the examination did not necessarily reflect the ability to govern well, and because they gave precedence to style over content and originality of thought.The exam system was abolished in 1905. The rulers realized that in order for the inelegant to survive in the 20th century, they had to abandon the Confucian-classics-based education system, and adopt a Western-type, science-and-technology-based system. How many types of classs could people get? What were the sorts of those degrees? The sort of degrees can reflect the completeness of Chinese Imperial Examination System. Types of Degree train 1 Di unrelenting aim First you had to open the district level exam. There was no degree at this level.The people who passed the district level exam would have the title of Tong Sheng( ). Then you have the talent to take the prefectural level exam. Level 2a Prefectural Level People who pass the prefectural level exam achieved Sheng Yuan( ) degree. The e xam was held two times every three years at the capital of the local anesthetic prefecture. The most outstanding Sheng Yuan could directly be given the Gong Sheng( ) degree. Level 2b With time release on, the government became corrupt and allowed people to buy a Jian Sheng( ) degree.Wealthy people who were too lazy to study or who failed the prefectural level exam bought these degrees to improve their social status. These Jian Sheng had the same qualification to take next level examination. Level 3 Provincial Level People who passed the bucolic level exam were awarded the Ju Ren( ) degree. The exam was held at the provincial capital every three years. Very few of the population had this degree. These people where considered upper gentry. Level 4 Metropolitan Level People who passed the metropolitan level exam were awarded the Gong Sheng( )degree.Soon after short the metropolitan test, the candidate would take the Palace Examination and be conferred the Jin Shi( ) degree. The exam was given at Beijing once every three years. What kind of influence does it have? Is it beneficial or detrimental for the social development? The Imperial Examination System was more like a double-edged sword, since it brings the uniformity to the expanse scarcely reluctance to innovate and change. The advantageous and disadvantageous influence Positive impact * Keju System facilitates conventional Confucian culture popularized and made the night club generate a lively, critical, academic environment. From Song dynasty, no point how humbly the examinees were, they had the equal opportunity to enter a high position in government as other aristocrats had. So this system not only expanded the scope of selecting talents, but also p positioned an important part in maintaining the stability of society. During Ming and Qing dynasty, about half of Jin Shi was born in poor families. * The strict system provided impartial chances to jeters so that government had a good reputation at th at time. * As the country who invented examination system, China has been known by other countries in the world.The Keju System is regarded as a introduction of other exam patterns. It has a far-reaching impact to East Asia and Western world. From 8th to 10th century, Japan had imitated the Keju System, and so as Korea and Vietnam. In 1855, the civil official examination system was officially established in Britain. It is widely acknowledged by Western scholars today that Chinas imperial examination system exerted direct influence on the modern civil profit examination system in the West, said Li Shiyu, a guest-visitor to the order of battle and researcher with the Institute of History under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.?Negative impact Keju system didnt radically solve the problem that ordinary officials appointed people by favouritism. With strengthen of centralization of authority, Keju System was gradually controlled by monarch or high-level officials. And the nu mber of enrollees was not enough at all so that people who had relationships with officials could easily slip through and pass the examination. * Keju system cannot help put up administrative efficiency in its original sense. Because of the complicated bureaucracy set, people who passed the examinations could not adapt the complicacy and put knowledge into practice. It caused people to have a rigescent thought. Most people took the Keju examination just in order to change their family financial condition instead to change the decayed political condition. What they learned could not pock the reality well and help a lot so that executive system verged to conservative and closed. With time going on, China gradually lost many chances to innovate. * Many multitudes gave up their jobs, many young males lay their farm land wasted so that they could have locoweed of time to prepare for the examinations.To some extent, the order yield took a hit because of a large number of strong adults wanted to be an official instead of a farmer. Purpose of Imperial Examination System In ancient China, most people lived at the bottom of the society, the only way they could change their destiny was to take Imperial Exams. Since the process of studying for the examination was time-consuming, most male adults had to do farming work during the daytime, but those wealthy land-owning gentries could have plenty of spare time to study. So they became the main candidates for high-ranking government officials.The examination system distributed its prizes according to provincial and prefectural quotas, which meant that imperial officials were recruited from the whole country, in numbers roughly proportional to each provinces population. Elite individuals all over China, even in the disadvantaged peripheral regions, had a chance at succeeding in the examinations and achieving the rewards of holding office. In earlier period, it was a fair method for commoners to change their social status, however, under some late dynasties the imperial bureaucracy became corrupt, examinations were abolished and official posts were either sold or given as rewards.At these times, the public morale diminished, and some type of reform was often introduced to restore traditional Confucian values in the government. The uniformity of the content of the examinations helped maintain the basic cultural values. Even only few people could pass the exam and finally get title, the preparation for and the hope of eventual success on a ulterior examination sustained the interest of those who took them. Those who failed to passmost of the andidates at any single examination did not lose wealth or local social standing as dedicated believers in Confucian orthodoxy, they served, without the benefit of state appointments, as teachers, patrons of the arts, and managers of local projects, such as irrigation works, schools, or charitable foundations. With the Imperial examination, the society was in a den se academic atmosphere. After Qing Dynasty collapsed, what is the examination system like? What is its difference or similarity between Western countries and China?The Examination System After 1912 After 1912, soon the Chinese revolutionary league was established. It was led by Sun Zhongshan( considered as the Father of Republic of China). Sun had been studied abroad in Japan and had a very progressive thought. He adopted a lot of excellent western ideas and devoted himself to reform and innovation. Not only in political and economic aspects, but also in education. He zealously sparkplugs western-style education system. A lot of public schools were built. Ordinary people could afford their children to get education.It was a good start in New China. Today, Chinese Communists studying capitalist civil service systems have been making a similar point. Deng Xiaoping has said, in reference to economic reforms, It doesnt matter if the cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice. T he current Chinese civil service reform (CSR) is an adjunct to the economic reforms begun in 1978. Regional and city governments, as well as a few national ministries, began experimenting with Western civil service techniques (particularly the use of examinations for selection).With the improvement of the education system, the quality of common people is also promoted. With United Nations help (United Nations Development Program, 1987, 1989), the Chinese have been bringing impertinent military group experts to China and sending Chinese administrators abroad to study Western personnel technology. Although they are studying foreign systems, in the end, they insist that they will adopt a system with distinct Chinese characteristics. If I have more time, I would like explore the western countries comments onChinese civil examination and advises the problems that current Chinese education system has and methods to solve it the education system in capitalist countries and make a compar ison. Work cited ? Chien Mu. Zhong Guo Zheng Zhi Li Dai De Shi. Sheng HuoDu ShuXin Zhi San Lian Bookstore Press. 2005. ISBN 9787108015280 ? http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics ? http//www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Imperial_Examinations_(Keju) ? Ancient Imperial Exams with Modern Relevance, China. org. cn. Retrieved on August 24, 2007. ? Monique Nagel-Angermann. 2012, Exam time.Calliope, 22, 24-27. ProQuest Research Library. 27 Oct. 2012. ? Miyazaki, Ichisada. Chinas Examination Hell The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China. 1976 reprint 1981. 18 Nov. 2012 ? http//www. kwanfamily. info. Web. 21 Nov, 2012. Site creation date July 6, 2002. ? Nagel-Angermann, Monique. Exam Time. Calliope 2012 24-7. ProQuest Research Library. 22 Nov. 2012. ? Aufrecht, Steven E. , and Li Siu Bun. Reform with Chinese Characteristics The Context of Chinese Civil Service Reform. Public administration review 55. 2 (1995) 175-. ABI/INFORM free ProQuest Research Library. 27 Nov. 2012 .